Clostridia are naturally occurring bacteria within the environment which cause deadly effects if ingested by cattle and sheep. Clostridia species can be found in soil, decomposing organic material and within the intestinal tract of animals. It is even found in healthy animals. The bacteria can lie dormant in muscle and when triggered, can cause disease even during winter housing.
According to the 2023, All-Island Animal Disease Surveillance Report; both NI and ROI laboratories found Blackleg disease as the main cause of death by Clostridial infection at 63% of all cases in 2023 (mainly bovine). Blackleg is caused by the bacteria Clostridium chauvoei and is also known as Clostridial Myositis, which is an infection of the muscle of the heart. The most reported Clostridial disease in sheep was Pulpy Kidney, caused by the bacteria Clostridia perfringens Type D – seen in 50% of all sheep cases in NI and ROI. Blacks’ disease is another commonly found problem in sheep. It is caused by Clostridium novyi and may be seen in late autumn due to liver fluke causing liver damage and triggering the infection.
The High Fatality Rate of Clostridial Diseases
Clostridial diseases have an almost 100% fatality rate, with sudden death being the primary symptom. In Northern Ireland, disease peaks in August when cattle and sheep have been grazing long enough for the ground to become poached, increasing soil exposure and the risk of ingesting Clostridial bacteria.
Prevention Through Vaccination
Since Clostridial disease leads to sudden death, prevention is key, and vaccination plays a crucial role. In the UK, Clostridial vaccines are available for cattle and sheep, covering multiple strains of infection.
- Primary Course: Two doses, spaced 4–6 weeks apart. Immunity levels peak approximately 2 weeks after the primary course
- Booster Doses: At 6–12 months after primary course, depending on exposure and risk level. Best timing is at least 2 weeks before turnout to pasture
Understanding Booster Timings
The varied booster timings of the vaccines for Clostridial disease depend on the infection of concern. For example, most clostridial vaccines will only provide sufficient cover for C. chauvoei, the cause of Blackleg disease for 6 months. So, it is important to understand when your animals are at risk and what disease is of most concern depending on your system.
Get Expert Advice
Fane Valley Stores offer Clostridial vaccines for both cattle and sheep. Visit one of our stores and speak with a Registered Animal Medicine Advisor (RAMA) for more information on protecting your livestock.
